National and civil defence and military law.

1. The modern world powers, whether they believe in settling their disputes with other countries through peaceful negotiation or through show or use of force, are fully conscious of the fact that the modern warfare is a highly sophisticated art, and wars of today are no longer fought only between the armed forces of the belligerent countries which initiate the war for settlement of any outstanding problems between them, but their entire nations are involved and are called upon to play their special significant role as an essential part of its war machine. Not only that. The wars, today, no longer remain confined to the original countries initiating them, but more often than not, spread or escalate to other countries belonging to the particular power blocs.

2. In spite of our country being basically peace-loving and a firm believer of the principles of Panch Sheel or peaceful co-existence, we are not living in a world of our own type of like-minded nations, and therefore, our government is not oblivious of the fact, that basic military training is a 'must' for all able-bodied youth of our country, so that they can play their role in the event of a war being forced on us, however much our leaders, who believe in the cult of non-violence preached by the father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi, may try to avoid a confrontation with other countries especially our neighbours-Pakistan and China who have been resorting to war at the slighted pretexts.

3. In view of the above, it is imperative, that the youth of the country must broadly understand the various problems faced by our country and its requirements and in case we are forced to fight a war. They must relieve the trained soldiers to fight on the front line, in order that they themselves be available and capable of manning the second line of defence immediately, and as a result of their basic knowledge of the country's problems coupled with the initial basic training received during their academic career, be able to take up arms at short notice and within less than normal period of further specialised training in the various functions perormed by the different wings of the machine of the country's armed forces. 4. With the object in view, our government has decided to introduce 'Defence Studies' or 'Military Science' as a regular subject of study at degree level in order to creat interest for this

subject in the youth of the country and provide opportunities of

training to those who may, otherwise, find it difficult to lay their

hands on the proper material in a single book of this type. 5. The entire subject of study has been split up into three parts, each part dealt with in a separate book.

This first book deals with Principles of Organisation and Administration with special reference to organisation of the three wings of our Armed Forces at various level. It must be admitted that the successful running of an establishment depends mainly on the organisational ability of its personnel; however big or small the establishment may be. And in no other profession. organisational and administrative ability plays a greater role than that required in the Armed Forces. Therefore, it is essential that all ranks of the Armed Forces must be well-conversant with the principles of orga nisation and administration of the three wings-the Army the Navy and the Air Force. Besides this information about organisation of the Armed Forces, an up-to-date knowledge of the various types of weapons used by the modern Infantry and the characteristics and role of the various weapons including modernised tanks, rockets, radars and nuclear weapons is also essential for a student of military science of today. Hence a fairly comprehensive information about these is also included in this part of the book. 6- The author expresses his deep sense of gratitude to the

late Mr. Kuldip Singh Gujral, Lt. Col. P.S. Sindhu and Mr. N.K

Patel for going through the manuscript and making valuable

suggestions and also seeing the proofs. The author's thanks are also

due to Major General H.K. Bakshi (Retd), formerly Director General, N.C.C. for his very kindly sparing his valuable time to write the "Foreword" to the book, and to Mr. Surjeet Singh, without whose help the book could not have been brought out in time. The authors thanks are also due Mrs. Nirmal Kaur Mehar, Mrs. Rajinder Julka and Chand 'Lali' for their help in going through the manuscript in its early stages. 7. The author does not find adequate words to express his deep sense of gratitude to his devoted wife Shrimati Prem Kaur, without whose moral support, inspiration and active help at every stage, he could not have realised his dream of producing over 3 dozen books in such a short time.

8. Any suggestion for the improvement of the book will be gratefully acknowledged and incorporated, where considered necessary, in the next edition of the book. It is hoped that the book will prove useful to the candidates for whom it is specially written as well as the general reader interested in the subject of Defence Studies.

9. The author acknowledges gratefully the help taken from various sources like the Military Digest'. 'USI' and other journals, and courses of study of various universies from which material has been culled in order to make this book informative, self-contained and up-to-date. He regrets his inablity to approach the authors of various published articles, or journals and institutions to obtain their permission for reproduction of the material which is meant chiefly to encourage the student community-the builders of the nation, to take keen interest in the subject of Defence Studies.